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The Nuclear Regulatory Commission this week issued a permit for construction of four next-generation nuclear reactors at a petrochemical complex on the rural Gulf Coast of Texas.
The Long Mott Generating Station, developed by chemical giant Dow and nuclear startup X-energy, is one of two flagship projects selected by the U.S. Energy Department in 2020 for its Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program, intended to kickstart a new era of growth for the nation’s nascent nuclear sector.
“This milestone marks a significant step forward,” Mike Goff, principal deputy assistant secretary for nuclear energy, said in a press release Monday. “The NRC’s approval demonstrates meaningful progress toward deploying advanced reactors.”
The Texas project is at the leading edge of a new generation of reactor designs that could revolutionize the commercial model for atomic energy. They replace the gargantuan construction projects currently required for nuclear power plants with small, modular units that can be produced in factories and then shipped and assembled onsite at industrial installations, from data centers to petrochemical plants.
“We understand that owning a nuclear facility is a different kind of responsibility,” said Kreshka Young, North American business director for energy and climate at Dow, during a public meeting on the project’s construction permits in the town of Port Lavaca in September. “We do not take that lightly.”
Dow plans to install four 80-megawatt reactors by X-energy at its Seadrift Operations complex, on the Gulf Coast between Houston and Corpus Christi. The units won’t require the towering, concrete containment structures characteristic of existing nuclear reactors, nor the 10-mile emergency planning zone, thanks to what scientists describe as revolutionary safety features inherent in new reactor designs.
X-energy CEO J. Clay Sell, a former deputy energy secretary, has described the company’s Xe-100 unit as “physically impossible to melt down.”
Diane Wilson, a retired fourth-generation shrimper from the tiny nearby town of Seadrift and director of San Antonio Bay Waterkeeper, a local environmental organization, remains deeply skeptical. “Frankly, it’s outrageous,” she said. “This is outrageous.”
Spent fuel from the reactors will be stored indefinitely on-site as nuclear waste, she noted, as the U.S. still lacks a permanent national disposal site.
In 2025, Wilson’s organization filed legal challenges to the project’s permit application over safety concerns, which were ultimately dismissed by the NRC. The agency approved Dow’s reactor construction permit after an expedited review under executive orders from President Donald Trump aimed at accelerating the national energy sector.
“We delivered on the 18-month schedule, proving we can do rigorous safety reviews on predictable timelines that move advanced nuclear technology from design to construction,” said NRC Chairman Ho K. Nieh in a press release.
Dow still needs to make a final decision to proceed with the project, the company said in a release. If it does, construction could begin before 2030.
If the project proves successful, it would “provide a pathway other industries can emulate” to install dedicated, onsite power generation, said Martin O’Neal, general counsel for the Nuclear Energy Institute, at the September meeting in Port Lavaca.
The NRC hosted the meeting to take questions and comments from the public on the Long Mott Generating Station.
“The nuclear industry is watching this project very closely,” O’Neal said.
In the last three decades, the U.S. has built just one new nuclear power plant, but federal authorities have pushed in recent years for an industry revival based on new reactor designs. The NRC issued its first permit for construction of an advanced test reactor in 2023, and its first permit for an advanced commercial reactor in March 2026.
While typical nuclear reactors use water to cool, advanced designs use alternatives, from molten salt to gas. The Xe-100 uses helium gas. Rather than traditional fuel rods, the Xe-100 uses a pelletized fuel form in a moving bed of pebbles.
“These are new technologies,” said Mehdi Reisi Fard, deputy director of advanced reactors at the NRC, during the public meeting in Port Lavaca in September.
The innovations add up to a feature known as “functional containment,” where the natural resilience and circulation of fuel pebbles prevents the kind of runaway warming that could lead the reactor to meltdown.
Compared with current control systems, functional containment is “less reliant on pumps or human intervention to mitigate anomalies,” Fard explained.
It works thanks to a new kind of pelletized nuclear fuel, called TRISO fuel, which has been developed in Energy Department labs over decades.
“Simply put, TRISO particles cannot melt in a commercial high-temperature reactor,” a DOE webpage says.
The new technology enables developers to skip the big, expensive safety features, like the massive concrete casings, that are required for traditional water-cooled reactors.
“The argument these developers are using is that they don’t need a physical containment because the reactor is so safe,” said Edwin Lyman, director of nuclear power safety with the Union of Concerned Scientists, in an interview earlier this year. “Nuclear designers have been trying to reduce the costs of containment, and one way to do that would be to eliminate it entirely.”
But Lyman doesn’t consider the fuel to be as safe as authorities say.
“It’s just a myth that this fuel is indestructible or meltdown-proof,” he said. “This fuel has vulnerabilities.”
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