Texas Prosecuted 15 Illegal Voting Cases, None Involving Impersonation

BROWNSVILLE – Until the day she was arrested, 53-year-old Vicenta Verino spent years canvassing poor, elderly and mostly Latino neighborhoods, harvesting mail-in ballots for candidates who paid her to bring in votes. Her crime: unlawful assistance of a voter, an offense that would not have been prevented by the state’s voter ID law.

Texas officials claim that the law is needed to prevent fraud, but only 15 cases have been prosecuted by the office of the attorney general of Texas between the 2012 primary election and July of this year, according to a News21 review of more than 360 allegations the office received in that time.

Eleven of those 15 are cases are similar to Verino’s, in which “politiqueras” – people hired by local candidates in predominantly Latino communities – collect and mail ballots for mostly elderly local voters. Texas election laws restrict who can have assistance while voting by mail and require a signature on the ballot from the person who assisted the voter.

“We used to work street by street seeing people, talking about the candidates, and those times, it kind of used to help the people,” Verino said, now two years after her arrest for voter fraud.

Texas’ contested law, passed in 2011, requires voters to present one of seven approved forms of government-issued ID at the polls. In July, the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans ruled the law violates parts of the Voting Rights Act. For the November election, people without ID will be allowed to vote if they sign a sworn statement. A spokesman for the Texas attorney general said “this case is not over” and the agency is considering an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Texans have not been required, however, to show identification when voting by mail. The only exception is if a voter registers to vote for the first time by mail and does not provide a photo ID number or the last four digits of their Social Security number. Then, local election officials can ask the voter to send a copy of an ID with their mail-in ballot.

Gilberto Hinojosa, Texas’ Democratic Party chairman and an opponent of state’s ID law, said Republicans are too focused on voter ID and “turn a blind eye” toward election fraud by mail-in ballots, which is more prevalent in the state. “When you suppress the vote by this made-up boogeyman that (Republicans) created – voter fraud by voter impersonation – they put themselves in a situation to succeed in elections,” he said. 

Mail-in ballot fraud long has been the most prevalent form of election fraud handled by the attorney general’s office. Records from the agency dating to the 2004 primary election show the agency opened 93 cases of election violations, with almost half involving violations of mail-in ballot procedures. 

But while acknowledging that mail-in ballot fraud is a persistent problem, Hinojosa said the prosecutions disproportionately involve Latinos in South Texas. “It’s a problem we’ve asked legislators to address because if you’re concerned with voter fraud or voter intimidation, what better place to start with (mail-in ballots) because you don’t have to show an ID,” Hinojosa said from his office in Brownsville. “I’m not saying those prosecutions are ill-intentioned, but they are very specifically oriented toward South Texas.” 

“You don’t see them engaging in an investigation or prosecutions of people that are sending in mail-in ballots to Livingston, Texas,” which is 60 percent white, Hinojosa added.

In addition to Verino, investigators arrested and prosecuted five other Brownsville politiqueras – one of whom was 85 years old. Verino was indicted on 10 election violation charges, but entered a plea deal for one charge and was placed on probation.

Charges against the five other women included filling out ballots for voters and failing to provide a state-required signature after assisting a voter during the July 2012 primary runoff election. Sixty of the 93 cases investigated by the attorney general’s office since 2004 were in South Texas – a region largely made up of Democratic and Latino voters.

Assistant Attorney General Jonathan White said prosecutors are not targeting Latinos. “Complaints come from across the state, and we take them as they come,” he said in an email. “What can be stated with certainty with regard to geographic distribution of cases is that they correspond directly to the number of complaints alleging offenses received from those areas. Factors such as local election/political culture and heated primary elections may be relevant, but are not easily quantified.”

White signed off on the charges against the six Cameron County politiqueras in 2014 and the three more in Hidalgo County convicted this year.

Most fraud accusations are referred to the attorney general by the secretary of state’s office or local law enforcement agencies and prosecutors. Cases prosecuted locally in any of Texas' 254 counties are not included in the News21 analysis because no one agency keeps the information statewide.

Verino said she started work as a politiquera because she wasn’t making much money as a caretaker, cleaning houses and running errands for elderly people each day. The side job earned her some extra cash – $150 for five weeks per candidate. She also admitted to investigators that she suggested how voters should vote, but they “could vote for whomever they wanted.” 

She built relationships and talked about the candidates with residents at local adult day-care centers. Before long, residents would receive their ballots in the mail, and Verino could count on them to call her.

“You're going to see a green envelope. That’s the ballot,” she told them. “Give me a call, and we can help you to fill it out.” But Verino said she didn’t realize she was breaking the law. “I don’t think I was doing something wrong,” Verino said. “It was fun to know the people. For me, it was like a hobby to be a politiquera.” 

Brownsville attorney Carlos Masso, who represented one of the women in court in an earlier 2010 voter fraud case, said politiqueras aren’t as active in Cameron County since the arrest of the six women.

“I think there’s a perception up in Austin – the Capitol – that there’s a lot of corruption down here, and I think this part is political,” Masso said. “What they wanted to do was make a big stink about it – go and round them all up.”

Texas State Rep. Eddie Lucio III, a Brownsville Democrat, represents parts of the Rio Grande Valley, which is made up of four counties at the southernmost tip of Texas along the border of Mexico. He was born and raised in the area and said he has never had problems with politiqueras because mail-in ballots were never a deciding factor in his elections.

“I have never seen or experienced things,” Lucio said, adding that it’s not exclusive to border towns.

“The assumptions that that’s a rabid problem is well exaggerated,” he said. “It’s easy to push that button when trying to talk about this issue because we’ve coined a name for it.” 

Mary Helen Flores disagrees. She founded the Citizens Against Voter Abuse in 2010 after she realized candidates could lose a local election in Cameron County because of the effect ballot harvesters had on the mail-in vote. “These politiqueras would go to this vulnerable population and under the guise of assisting them, would tell the voter, ‘Well, I’m going to help,’” Flores said.

Flores said mail-in fraud had been a way for voters in the Rio Grande Valley to skirt the requirements of the voter ID law. “When you vote by mail you don’t need to show proof of ID, so there’s one less safeguard to prove that it’s the actual voter that’s voting,” she said.

Her group conducted its own investigation of the six Cameron County women and gave their evidence to federal agents. “We documented everything very well and all that evidence was then turned over to the FBI,” Flores said.

One year after the women were arrested, the attorney general’s office turned to the city of Weslaco in Hidalgo County, west of Brownsville. 

Letty Lopez, a Republican candidate for Weslaco City Commission, who lost her election by 16 votes, challenged the results, saying politiqueras improperly submitted older voters’ mail-in ballots during the November 2013 election. “Citizens of Weslaco, their elderly parents or grandparents said we didn’t get to fill out our ballot,” Lopez said. 

Elderly voters like Esteban Martinez, 78, were called to court to testify. His ballot was filled out and mailed by Lopez’s opponent, Guadalupe “Lupe” Rivera. Martinez told News21 he chose to vote for Rivera after the candidate promised to fix the alley behind Rivera’s home. “A lot of my friends here, they sell their vote for a 24 or 12 (pack),” he said. “They don’t care. They just get the beer.”

Martinez told investigators that Rivera assisted him in filling out the ballot, but he did not see how other candidates were marked. As promised, a load of “caliche,” or gravel, was dumped in his alley after he voted. Three years later, potholes are starting to form. 

Letty Lopez finally took over as city commissioner after she defeated Rivera in a special election in November 2015. Rivera was later charged with 16 election violations and pleaded guilty to one charge of unlawful assistance to a voter in July.

Although none of the cases involved voter impersonation, Lopez said she supported the state’s voter ID law staying in place to add another layer of protection against fraud in the state. “When I hear people telling me that there’s no voter fraud it’s like I’ve seen it firsthand,” she said. “I don’t think the voter is being disenfranchised at all by Texas requiring an ID.”

A report by UCLA professor Matt Barreto and University of New Mexico professor Gabriel Sanchez found that Latinos were 2.42 times more likely than whites to lack the identification required under Texas’ voter ID law. That creates a barrier to voting among Latinos, Brent Wilkes, executive director of the League of United Latin American Citizens, told News21.

“The Latino engagement level has been low, and even down ballot there’s still a pretty disappointing engagement level,” Wilkes said. “You add to it all these repressive policies that are out there – voter ID laws that make it more difficult for organizations like LULAC to register voters.” 

Texas Latinos make up the second-largest Hispanic statewide eligible voter population, behind California, according to a study by the Pew Research Center. The study also found one-third of Hispanic eligible voters in the state are between 18 and 29. 

In the small West Texas town of Rocksprings, a predominantly Latino community with a population of 1,400, Edwards County sheriff’s deputies diligently reach out to voters they think shouldn’t be voting in local elections. Its sheriff is Pamela Elliott, a conservative Republican. 

The Edwards County sheriff’s office has charged two voters with voter fraud since 2012, according to records provided by the attorney general’s office. Given the small number of registered voters, this puts the per-voter rate of election fraud allegations ahead of every other county in Texas. None of those cases involved voter impersonation. 

Elliott said she brought three more cases of possible fraud to the attorney general’s office in August. One of those allegations involves Reneé Gallegos-Johnson, a Rocksprings native who now lives in Louisiana. She still owns a home in Rocksprings and continues to vote in the municipal elections there because she says she cares about the issues in the town. 

She is registered to vote only in Texas, so she was surprised by a letter from the sheriff’s office asking her to explain her reason for voting in Rocksprings.

“When you vote in the city election but don’t live in the city, you may have friends here, but inherently any of those decisions don’t affect you and that is fraud,” Elliott told News21.

Gallegos-Johnson spoke to secretary of state legal counsel and verified she could vote in Rocksprings under Texas’ residency laws. She thinks the sheriff is targeting her and a handful of others in the town and using her office to intimidate voters. 

“I do believe that I’m not part of her group,” she said. “One, I’m not part of her clique, and two, I’m a Gallegos."

This report is part of a project on voting rights in America produced by the Carnegie-Knight News21 program. Find the complete project, “Voting Wars – Rights | Power | Privilege,” here.